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<!-- %W  methsel.tex               GAP manual                    Thomas Breuer -->
<!-- %W                                                       Martin Schönert -->
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<Chapter Label="Method Selection">
<Heading>Method Selection</Heading>

<Index>operation</Index><Index>method</Index>
This chapter explains how &GAP; decides which function to call for which
types of objects.
It assumes that you have read the chapters about objects
(Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Objects and Elements"/>) and types
(Chapter&nbsp;<Ref Chap="Types of Objects"/>).
<P/>
An <E>operation</E> is a special &GAP; function that bundles a set of
functions, its <E>methods</E>.
<P/>
All methods of an operation compute the same result.
But each method is installed for specific types of arguments.
<P/>
If an operation is called with a tuple of arguments,
one of the applicable methods is selected and called.
<P/>
Special cases of methods are partial methods, immediate methods,
and logical implications.


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<Section Label="Operations and Methods">
<Heading>Operations and Methods</Heading>
<P/>
Operations are functions in the category
<Ref Filt="IsOperation"/>.
<P/>
So on the one hand, <E>operations</E> are &GAP; functions, that is,
they can be applied to arguments and return a result or cause a
side-effect.
<P/>
On the other hand, operations are more.
Namely, an operation corresponds to a set of &GAP; functions,
called the <E>methods</E> of the operation.
<P/>
Each call of an operation causes a suitable method to be selected
and then called.
The choice of which method to select is made according to the types
of the arguments,
the underlying mechanism is described in the following sections.
<P/>
Examples of operations are the binary infix operators <C>=</C>, <C>+</C> etc.,
and <Ref Oper="PrintObj"/> is the operation that is called
for each argument of <Ref Func="Print"/>.
<P/>
Also all attributes and properties are operations.
Each attribute has a special method which is called
if the attribute value is already stored;
this method of course simply returns this value.
<P/>
The setter of an attribute is called automatically
if an attribute value has been computed.
Attribute setters are operations, too.
They have a default method that ignores the request to store the value.
Depending on the type of the object,
there may be another method to store the value in a suitable way,
and then set the attribute tester for the object to <K>true</K>.

<#Include Label="IsOperation">
<#Include Label="TypeOfOperation">
<#Include Label="ShowDeclarationsOfOperation">
<#Include Label="NewOperation">
<#Include Label="DeclareOperation">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Constructors">
<Heading>Constructors</Heading>

Constructors are a special type of operation used to make new objects. The key
difference compared to regular operations is that method selection works
slightly differently for them: The first argument in a call to a constructor
must always be a filter <Ref Sect="Filters"/>. The result of a method is
expected to lie in that filter. Moreover, while normally method selection
matches on the type of each argument, for a constructor the first argument is
treated differently: instead of matching its type, the argument itself (which
is a filter) must be a subset of the filter specified by the method which is
being tested for match. In other words, the argument filter must imply the
method filter.
<P/>

Also, method ranking works differently: instead of the sum of the ranks of the
types of all arguments, only the rank of the filter given as first argument is
considered; and for it, the normal ranking order is reversed. This ensures
that if multiple constructor methods match, the <Q>>most general</Q> method is
selected.

<Example><![CDATA[
gap> DeclareConstructor("XCons",[IsMagma,IsInt]);
gap> InstallMethod(XCons, [IsGroup, IsInt], function(t,x) return CyclicGroup(x); end);
gap> InstallMethod(XCons, [IsPermGroup, IsInt], function(t,x) return SymmetricGroup(x); end);
gap> InstallMethod(XCons, [IsSemigroup, IsInt], function(t,x) return FullTransformationMonoid(x); end);
gap> XCons(IsGroup,3);
<pc group of size 3 with 1 generator>
gap> XCons(IsPermGroup,3);
Sym( [ 1 .. 3 ] )
gap> XCons(IsSemigroup,4);
<full transformation monoid of degree 4>
gap> # if multiple methods match, the most general is selected:
gap> XCons(IsMagma,3);
<full transformation monoid of degree 3>
]]></Example>

The example above shows some basic examples (usually a constructor will
produce isomorphic objects in different representations, not different objects
as in this case).
<P/>

If no method has been installed which guarantees to produce a suitable
objecty, a "No Method Found" error will be returned.
<Log><![CDATA[
gap> XCons(IsFullTransformationMonoid,4);
Error, no method found! For debugging hints type ?Recovery from NoMethodFound
Error, no 1st choice method found for `XCons' on 2 arguments called from
<function "HANDLE_METHOD_NOT_FOUND">( <arguments> )
 called from read-eval loop at line 8 of *stdin*
you can 'quit;' to quit to outer loop, or
you can 'return;' to continue
brk> quit;
gap> XCons(IsNilpotentGroup,4);
Error, no method found! For debugging hints type ?Recovery from NoMethodFound
Error, no 1st choice method found for `XCons' on 2 arguments called from
<function "HANDLE_METHOD_NOT_FOUND">( <arguments> )
 called from read-eval loop at line 9 of *stdin*
you can 'quit;' to quit to outer loop, or
you can 'return;' to continue
brk>
]]></Log>

Note that in both these cases there are methods that actually produce results
of the required types, but they have not been installed with this information,
so are not selected.

<#Include Label="NewConstructor">
<#Include Label="DeclareConstructor">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Method Installation">
<Heading>Method Installation</Heading>

In order to describe what it means to select a method of an operation,
we must describe how the methods are connected to their operations.
<P/>
For attributes and properties there is <Ref Func="InstallImmediateMethod"/>.
<P/>
For declaring that a filter is implied by other filters there is
<Ref Func="InstallTrueMethod"/>.

<#Include Label="InstallMethod">
<#Include Label="InstallOtherMethod">
<#Include Label="InstallEarlyMethod">
<#Include Label="InstallMethodWithRandomSource">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Applicable Methods and Method Selection">
<Heading>Applicable Methods and Method Selection</Heading>

A method installed as above is <E>applicable</E> for an arguments tuple
if the following conditions are satisfied.
<P/>
The number of arguments equals the length of the list <A>args-filts</A>,
the <M>i</M>-th argument lies in the filter <A>args-filts</A><M>[i]</M>,
and <A>famp</A> returns <K>true</K> when applied to the families of the arguments.
The maximal number of arguments supported for methods is six,
one gets an error message if one tries to install a method with at least
seven arguments.
<P/>
So <A>args-filt</A> describes conditions for each argument,
and <A>famp</A> describes a relation between the arguments.
<P/>
For unary operations such as attributes and properties,
there is no such relation to postulate,
<A>famp</A> is <Ref Func="ReturnTrue"/> for these operations,
a function that always returns <K>true</K>.
For binary operations, the usual value of <A>famp</A> is
<Ref Func="IsIdenticalObj"/>,
which means that both arguments must lie in the same family.
<P/>
Note that any properties which occur among the filters in the filter list
will <E>not</E> be tested by the method selection if they are not yet known.
(More exact: if <A>prop</A> is a property then the filter implicitly uses not
<A>prop</A> but <C>Has<A>prop</A> and <A>prop</A></C>.) If this is desired you must explicitly
enforce a test (see section&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Redispatching"/>) below.
<P/>
If no method is applicable,
the error message <Q>no method found</Q> is signaled.
<P/>
Otherwise, the applicable method with highest <E>rank</E> is selected and then
called.
This rank is given by the sum of the ranks of the filters in the list
<A>args-filt</A>,
<E>including involved filters</E>,
plus the number <A>val</A> used in the call of
<Ref Func="InstallMethod"/>.
So the argument <A>val</A> can be used to raise the priority of a method
relative to other methods for <A>opr</A>.
<P/>
Note that for operations which are constructors special rules with respect
to applicability and rank of the corresponding methods apply
(see <Ref Func="NewConstructor"/>).
<P/>
Note that from the applicable methods
an efficient one shall be selected.
This is a method that needs only little time and storage for the
computations.
<P/>
It seems to be impossible for &GAP; to select an optimal
method in all cases.
The present ranking of methods is based on the assumption
that a method installed for a special situation shall be preferred
to a method installed for a more general situation.
<P/>
For example, a method for computing a Sylow subgroup of a nilpotent
group is expected to be more efficient than a method for arbitrary
groups.
So the more specific method will be selected if &GAP; knows that the
group given as argument is nilpotent.
<P/>
Of course there is no obvious way to decide between the efficiency of
incommensurable methods.
For example, take an operation with one method for permutation groups,
another method for nilpotent groups,
but no method for nilpotent permutation groups,
and call this operation with a permutation group known to be
nilpotent.

</Section>


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<Section Label="Partial Methods">
<Heading>Partial Methods</Heading>

<ManSection>
<Func Name="TryNextMethod" Arg =""/>

<Description>
After a method has been selected and called,
the method may recognize that it cannot compute the desired result,
and give up by calling <C>TryNextMethod()</C>.
<P/>
In effect, the execution of the method is terminated,
and the method selection calls the next method that is applicable w.r.t.
the original arguments.
In other words, the applicable method is called that is subsequent to the
one that called <Ref Func="TryNextMethod"/>,
according to decreasing rank of the methods.
<P/>
For example, since every finite group of odd order is solvable,
one may install a method for the property
<Ref Prop="IsSolvableGroup"/> that checks
whether the size of the argument is an odd integer,
returns <K>true</K> if so,
and gives up otherwise.
<P/>
Care is  needed  if a  partial  method  might  modify the  type of  one  of its
arguments, for example by computing an attribute  or property. If this happens,
and the type  has   really changed, then  the  method  should not  exit   using
<C>TryNextMethod()</C> but  should call the operation again,  as the new information
in the type may   cause  some methods  previously   judged inapplicable to   be
applicable. For  example, if  the  above method  for
<Ref Prop="IsSolvableGroup"/> actually
computes the size, (rather than  just examining  a  stored size), then it  must
take care to check whether the type of the group has changed.
</Description>
</ManSection>

</Section>


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<Section Label="Redispatching">
<Heading>Redispatching</Heading>

As mentioned above the method selection will not test unknown properties.
In situations, in which algorithms are only known (or implemented) under
certain conditions, however such a test might be actually desired.
<P/>
One way to achieve this would be to install the method under weaker
conditions and explicitly test the properties first, exiting via
<Ref Func="TryNextMethod"/> if some of them are not fulfilled.
A problem of this approach however is that such methods then automatically
are ranked lower and that the code does not look nice.
<P/>
A much better way is to use redispatching: Before deciding that no method
has been found one tests these properties and if they turn out to be true
the method selection is started anew (and will then find a method).
<P/>
This can be achieved via the following function:

<#Include Label="RedispatchOnCondition">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Immediate Methods">
<Heading>Immediate Methods</Heading>

Usually a method is called only if its operation has been called
and if this method has been selected, see <Ref Func="InstallMethod"/>.
<P/>
For attributes and properties,
one can install also <E>immediate methods</E>.

<#Include Label="InstallImmediateMethod">
<#Include Label="IsNoImmediateMethodsObject">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Logical Implications">
<Heading>Logical Implications</Heading>

<#Include Label="InstallTrueMethod">
<#Include Label="MethodReordering">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Operations and Mathematical Terms">
<Heading>Operations and Mathematical Terms</Heading>

<Index>overload</Index>
Usually an operation stands for a mathematical concept,
and the name of the operation describes this uniquely.
Examples are the property <Ref Prop="IsFinite"/>
and the attribute <Ref Attr="Size"/>.
But there are cases where the same mathematical term is used 
to denote different concepts,
for example <C>Degree</C> is defined for polynomials, group characters,
and permutation actions,
and <C>Rank</C> is defined for matrices, free modules, <M>p</M>-groups,
and transitive permutation actions.
<P/>
It is in principle possible to install methods for the operation
<C>Rank</C> that are applicable to the different types of arguments,
corresponding to the different contexts.
But this is not the approach taken in the &GAP; library.
Instead there are operations such as <Ref Attr="RankMat"/>
for matrices and <Ref Attr="DegreeOfCharacter"/>
(in fact these are attributes)
which are installed as methods of the <Q>ambiguous</Q> operations
<C>Rank</C> and <C>Degree</C>.
<P/>
The idea is to distinguish between on the one hand different ways
to compute the same thing (e.g.&nbsp;different methods for
<Ref Oper="\="/>,
<Ref Attr="Size"/>, etc.),
and on the other hand genuinely different things
(such as the degree of a polynomial and a permutation action).
<P/>
The former is the basic purpose of operations and attributes.
The latter is provided as a user convenience where mathematical usage
forces it on us <E>and</E> where no conflicts arise.
In programming the library, we use the underlying mathematically
precise operations or attributes,
such as <Ref Attr="RankMat"/> and
<Ref Oper="RankAction" Label="for a group, an action domain, etc."/>.
These should be attributes if appropriate, and the only role of the
operation <C>Rank</C> is to decide which attribute the user meant.
That way, stored information is stored with <Q>full mathematical precision</Q>
and is less likely to be retrieved for a wrong purpose later.
<P/>
One word about possible conflicts.
A typical example is the mathematical term <Q>centre</Q>,
which is defined as <M>\{ x \in M | a * x = x * a \forall a \in M \}</M>
for a magma <M>M</M>, and as <M>\{ x \in L | l * x = 0 \forall l \in L \}</M>
for a Lie algebra <M>L</M>.
Here it is <E>not</E> possible to introduce an operation
<Ref Attr="Centre"/> that
delegates to attributes <C>CentreOfMagma</C> and <C>CentreOfLieAlgebra</C>,
depending on the type of the argument.
This is because any Lie algebra in &GAP; is also a magma,
so both <C>CentreOfMagma</C> and <C>CentreOfLieAlgebra</C> would be defined
for a Lie algebra, with different meaning if the characteristic is two.
So we cannot achieve that one operation in &GAP; corresponds to
the mathematical term <Q>centre</Q>.
<P/>
<Q>Ambiguous</Q> operations such as <C>Rank</C> are declared in the library file
<F>lib/overload.g</F>.

</Section>
</Chapter>


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